Hazardous waste

The atmosphere inside waste (hazardous waste) incinerators is complex, characterized by alternating acidic and alkaline gas corrosion and severe temperature fluctuations. Rotary hazardous waste incinerators, in particular, place extremely high demands on the corrosion resistance and thermal shock stability of…

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Lime Industry

Different types of lime kilns—such as rotary kilns, Maerz kilns, and sleeve-type kilns—impose varying requirements on refractory materials. Large-scale lime rotary kilns (600–1,200 t/d) operate with high temperatures and heavy loads in the firing zone, demanding exceptional thermal shock and…

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Non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous metal smelting furnaces (such as IsaSmelt furnaces, flash furnaces, anode furnaces, and zinc fuming kilns) operate under extremely complex conditions characterized by the scouring action of high-temperature melts, chemical corrosion from diverse constituents, and frequent temperature fluctuations. The reaction…

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Steel Industry

Secondary refining furnaces—such as RH, AOD, and VOD units—operate under some of the most demanding conditions in steelmaking, characterized by extreme temperatures, rapid thermal cycling, chemical erosion from highly basic slag, and high-velocity impingement by molten steel. Traditional refractory materials…

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Industria del cemento

La industria cementera se enfrenta a una presión sin precedentes: las capacidades de producción siguen aumentando (con hornos de 10 000 t/d y 12 000 t/d convirtiéndose en el estándar), el mayor uso de combustibles alternativos genera condiciones operativas más…

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